The landscape
Who is doing the work, what has been written, what is still unknown.
Drawn live from the Continuity Science realm of the network. Every entry opens in the map, and every entry can be asked about.
Programs, companies and foundations on the path. Open this region ↗
Brain Mapping ProgramsBRAIN InitiativeIn the networkBrain Mapping ProgramsBRAIN CONNECTSIn the networkBrain Mapping ProgramsHuman Connectome ProjectIn the networkBrain Mapping ProgramsMICrONS ProgramIn the networkBrain Mapping ProgramsFlyWire ConsortiumIn the networkBrain Mapping ProgramsAllen Institute for Brain ScienceIn the networkBrain Mapping ProgramsJanelia Research CampusIn the networkSimulation ProgramsBlue Brain ProjectIn the networkSimulation ProgramsEBRAINSIn the networkSimulation ProgramsOpenWormIn the networkSimulation ProgramsNumentaIn the networkSimulation ProgramsBrain Simulation PlatformsIn the networkSimulation ProgramsDigital Brain InitiativesIn the networkInterface CompaniesNeuralink CorpIn the networkInterface CompaniesSynchron IncIn the networkInterface CompaniesParadromics IncIn the networkInterface CompaniesPrecision Neuroscience CorpIn the networkInterface CompaniesBlackrock Neurotech IncIn the networkInterface CompaniesKernel IncIn the networkPreservation OrganizationsAlcorIn the networkPreservation OrganizationsCryonics Institute MichiganIn the networkPreservation OrganizationsBrain Preservation Foundation PrizeIn the networkPreservation OrganizationsNectome IncIn the networkPreservation OrganizationsTomorrow BioIn the networkPreservation OrganizationsOregon Brain Preservation ServiceIn the networkLongevity OrganizationsAltos LabsIn the networkLongevity OrganizationsCalicoIn the networkLongevity OrganizationsSENS Research FoundationIn the networkLongevity OrganizationsRetro BiosciencesIn the networkLongevity OrganizationsHevolution FoundationIn the networkLongevity OrganizationsBuck InstituteIn the networkAdvocacy & Research NetworksCarboncopiesIn the networkAdvocacy & Research NetworksForesight InstituteIn the networkAdvocacy & Research NetworksFuture of Humanity Institute LegacyIn the networkAdvocacy & Research NetworksEffective Altruism WBE ResearchIn the networkAdvocacy & Research NetworksTranshumanist OrganizationsIn the networkAdvocacy & Research NetworksNeurorights FoundationIn the network
The scientists, thinkers and builders, in their public roles. Open this region ↗
Connectomics LeadersSebastian SeungIn the networkConnectomics LeadersJeff LichtmanIn the networkConnectomics LeadersViren JainIn the networkConnectomics LeadersMoritz HelmstaedterIn the networkConnectomics LeadersWinfried DenkIn the networkConnectomics LeadersEd BoydenIn the networkEmulation & Futures ThinkersRandal KoeneIn the networkEmulation & Futures ThinkersAnders SandbergIn the networkEmulation & Futures ThinkersNick BostromIn the networkEmulation & Futures ThinkersRobin HansonIn the networkEmulation & Futures ThinkersRay KurzweilIn the networkEmulation & Futures ThinkersHans MoravecIn the networkPreservation ScientistsKen HayworthIn the networkPreservation ScientistsRobert McIntyreIn the networkPreservation ScientistsGreg FahyIn the networkPreservation ScientistsMax MoreIn the networkPreservation ScientistsAschwin de WolfIn the networkPreservation ScientistsMichael PerryIn the networkInterface PioneersMiguel NicolelisIn the networkInterface PioneersJohn DonoghueIn the networkInterface PioneersKrishna ShenoyIn the networkInterface PioneersEdward ChangIn the networkInterface PioneersLeigh HochbergIn the networkInterface PioneersTom OxleyIn the networkPhilosophers of IdentityDerek ParfitIn the networkPhilosophers of IdentityDavid ChalmersIn the networkPhilosophers of IdentityDaniel DennettIn the networkPhilosophers of IdentitySusan SchneiderIn the networkPhilosophers of IdentityEric OlsonIn the networkPhilosophers of IdentityThomas MetzingerIn the networkLongevity ScientistsAubrey de GreyIn the networkLongevity ScientistsDavid SinclairIn the networkLongevity ScientistsSteve HorvathIn the networkLongevity ScientistsCynthia KenyonIn the networkLongevity ScientistsJudith CampisiIn the networkLongevity ScientistsNir BarzilaiIn the network
The books, papers, roadmaps and stories that shaped the field. Open this region ↗
Key BooksReasons and PersonsIn the networkKey BooksConnectomeIn the networkKey BooksThe Age of Spiritual MachinesIn the networkKey BooksMind ChildrenIn the networkKey BooksThe Age of EmIn the networkKey BooksSuperintelligenceIn the networkKey Papers & RoadmapsWhole Brain Emulation: A RoadmapIn the networkKey Papers & RoadmapsAldehyde-Stabilized Cryopreservation PaperIn the networkKey Papers & RoadmapsThe Structure of the Nervous System of C. elegansIn the networkKey Papers & RoadmapsFlyWire Whole-Brain Connectome PaperIn the networkKey Papers & RoadmapsMICrONS Cubic Millimeter PapersIn the networkKey Papers & RoadmapsH01 Human Cortex PaperIn the networkFiction & CulturePermutation CityIn the networkFiction & CultureAltered CarbonIn the networkFiction & CultureSan JuniperoIn the networkFiction & CultureUploadIn the networkFiction & CultureTranscendenceIn the networkFiction & CultureGhost in the ShellIn the networkMilestones Timeline1986 C. elegans ConnectomeIn the networkMilestones Timeline2008 WBE RoadmapIn the networkMilestones Timeline2016 Small Mammal Preservation PrizeIn the networkMilestones Timeline2018 Large Mammal Preservation PrizeIn the networkMilestones Timeline2024 First Neuralink Human ImplantIn the networkMilestones Timeline2024 FlyWire ConnectomeIn the networkMilestones Timeline2025 MICrONS Cubic MillimeterIn the network
What nobody has solved yet. Open this region ↗
Scientific UnknownsRequired ResolutionIn the networkScientific UnknownsRole of Glia in IdentityIn the networkScientific UnknownsMolecular State Beyond SynapsesIn the networkScientific UnknownsNeuromodulator FieldsIn the networkScientific UnknownsExtra-Synaptic SignalingIn the networkScientific UnknownsDynamics vs StructureIn the networkEngineering GapsWhole-Brain Imaging ThroughputIn the networkEngineering GapsSample Preparation at Human ScaleIn the networkEngineering GapsProofreading at ScaleIn the networkEngineering GapsCompute CostIn the networkEngineering GapsData VolumeIn the networkEngineering GapsRead-Write BandwidthIn the networkVerification GapsProving ContinuityIn the networkVerification GapsMeasuring ConsciousnessIn the networkVerification GapsFidelity MetricsIn the networkVerification GapsIndependent AuditIn the networkVerification GapsReproducibilityIn the networkVerification GapsFailure DetectionIn the networkSocietal GapsPublic TrustIn the networkSocietal GapsRegulation VacuumIn the networkSocietal GapsFunding ScaleIn the networkSocietal GapsTalent PipelineIn the networkSocietal GapsInternational CooperationIn the networkSocietal GapsEthical ConsensusIn the network
Milestones
Seventy years of steps toward one door.
1952
Hodgkin and HuxleyThe first quantitative model of the neuron's electrical behavior. Every emulation still descends from it.1967
The first cryonics patientJames Bedford is preserved in liquid nitrogen, three years after Ettinger's The Prospect of Immortality.1986
The wormC. elegans becomes the first animal with a complete wiring diagram: 302 neurons, about 7,000 synapses.1988
Mind ChildrenMoravec describes gradual, neuron-by-neuron transfer of a mind to a machine.2006
A cursor moved by thoughtBrainGate: a paralyzed person controls a computer through a 96-electrode array in motor cortex.2008
The roadmapSandberg and Bostrom publish Whole Brain Emulation: A Roadmap, with its levels, estimates and open questions.2013
Two brain programsThe US BRAIN Initiative and the EU Human Brain Project launch in the same year.2015
A rabbit brain, intactAldehyde-stabilized cryopreservation preserves a whole rabbit brain to synaptic resolution.2018
A pig brain, intactThe same method wins the Brain Preservation Foundation's large mammal prize.2021
NeurorightsChile writes protection of mental integrity into its constitution, the first country to do so.2023
Speech from the cortexTwo intracortical prostheses decode speech at 62 and 78 words per minute.2024
A whole brain, every synapseFlyWire: 139,255 neurons and 50 million synapses of an adult fruit fly. The first Neuralink human implant. H01, a cubic millimeter of human cortex.2025
A cubic millimeter that thinksMICrONS pairs the structure of a cubic millimeter of mouse cortex with the activity of 75,000 of its neurons.Next
A whole mouse brainAbout 70 million neurons, the field's agreed milestone, expected within roughly a decade.Then
Structure that predicts dynamicsAn emulation from a connectome that behaves like the animal it came from, validated against recordings of the same brain.Then
A human brain, readImaging throughput a million times today's, molecular state alongside structure, and a preserved brain that can wait for it.Then
TransferA continued person, verified by their own standard.